Environmental safety and natural resources

Financial risk analysis in multidimensional systems

Oleksandr Trofymchuk — 2026-06-18

A new approach is proposed for modeling the interdependence among factors of multivariate risks, represented as matrices of interdependence measures for numerical description and a family of copulas with parameter estimates for analytical description. The approach proposed to construct a multivariate risk model in which, marginal distributions are modeled separately using elliptical distributions for measurements at the center of the samples and extreme distributions in the tails, while the dependencies between risks are modeled by copulas. The joint distribution is modeled using marginal distributions and copulas and can be applied to the analysis of risk characteristics. An approach to determining risk dependencies using the concept of mutual information within the framework of Bayesian networks has been developed. A computational experiment involving two generated, theoretically well-known three-dimensional distributions and one empirical three-dimensional distribution for exchange rates demonstrated the applicability of the proposed approach to modeling multidimensional risk.
The problem of identifying the optimal portfolio structure under active risk management and asset liquidity constraints, a multidimensional model for estimating tail risk measures is proposed. A computational experiment conducted to estimate risk measures by generating a sample yielded an estimation error of less than one percent for non-extreme quantiles. The quality of the estimation of risk deviation measures requires further refinement of the model. The quality of risk measure estimates for the tail regions of distributions indicates that the model based on a combination of marginal distributions using normal and Pareto distributions needs to be improved to describe central observations.

On extremal algebraic graphs, Eulerian transformations and implementations of multivariate cryptosystems

Vasyl Ustimenko — 2026-06-18

Results of implementation of several multivariate public keys of linear degree of size O(n) and polynomial density defined over commutative ring K with the nontrivial multiplicative group K*. are presented. The space of plaintexts of these cryptosystems is (K*)ⁿ and space of ciphertexts is Kⁿ. The encryption map is the restriction on (K*)ⁿ of polynomial transformation of the space Kⁿ which is the composition of special Eulerian trams-formation with cubical map of Multivariate Cryptography of kind T₁QT₂, where T₁ and T₂ are bijective affine trans-formations and Q is a nonlinear map defined via walk on algebraic bipartite graph points and lines of which form the space Kⁿ.
This scheme is implemented for the cases K=F_q and K=Z_q, q=2³². The knowledge of private key allows to decipher of the message from public user in time O(n²). The cryptosystems are generalisations of algorithms suggested 9 years ago cryptanalysis of which are unknown. The problem of breaking the cryptosystem is equivalent to solving of system of nonlinear equations in n variables of degree cn, de c>0. The computer packages for the investigation of such systems are undeveloped.

Analysis methodology of pro-kremlin desinformation in internet news articles

Oleksandr Terentiev — 2026-06-18

The article proposes and implements a methodology for analyzing pro-Kremlin disinformation in Internet sources based on the integration of automated data collection, natural language processing methods, topic modeling, and statistical analysis. The study utilized an open multilingual dataset containing 18,249 links to web articles in 42 languages, developed within the framework of the European anti-disinformation initiatives VERA.AI and EUvsDisinfo. The proposed methodology includes the stages of automated extraction of texts from web resources, text preprocessing, language filtering, thematic clustering, and the development of classification models using the SAS Text Miner system. For automated collection of textual content, a specialized Python-based software application was developed using the PLAYWRIGHT and ASYNCIO libraries, optimized for high-performance processing of large-scale web article corpora.
The results of the study revealed a significant relationship between the type of content, the language of the source, and the necessity of VPN access for retrieving texts. The Pearson chi-square statistic was 8847 with 10 degrees of freedom and a p-value < 0.000001, indicating a high statistical significance of the obtained results. It was found that Russian-language disinformation resources in most cases require the use of VPN access due to sanctions and geographical access restrictions, whereas trustworthy English-language and Ukrainian-language sources demonstrate substantially higher openness and accessibility stability. Thematic analysis showed that pro-Kremlin disinformation is concentrated around anti-Ukrainian, anti-NATO, and conspiracy-oriented narratives, demonstrating high thematic repetition and characteristics of coordinated FIMI campaigns. The proposed methodology can be applied in the fields of information security, OSINT analytics, information space monitoring, and the development of automated disinformation detection systems.

Geo-information support of situational awareness in decision-making systems for security and crisis environments

Volodymyr Tymchuk — 2026-06-18

The study is devoted to solving the relevant scientific and applied problem of forming geospatial databases within decision support systems to ensure situational awareness under conditions of increased uncertainty and risk. The paper considers a comprehensive approach to the development of such systems based on the integration of geoinformation technologies and remote sensing data, particularly from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite platforms, as well as modern methods of spatiotemporal data processing in ArcGIS and Google Earth Engine environments.
An information-technological model for the formation of consolidated information is proposed, based on the integration of cognitive, information, and physical domains within a geospatial infrastructure. An approach to structuring geospatial databases according to functional subsystems is substantiated, including experience generalization, baseline static and dynamic conditions, as well as modeling and forecasting of emergency situations. It is demonstrated that the use of satellite data, digital elevation models, and spectral indices improves the completeness and reliability of information support and ensures timely data updating in situational awareness systems.
The obtained results form a scientific and methodological basis for the development of intelligent decision support systems aimed at application in search and rescue operations, environmental monitoring, and safety assurance under natural, technogenic, and wartime impacts.

Comprehensive information and earth-space monitoring of natural phenomena and man-manufactured disasters

Viacheslav Vyshniakov — 2026-06-18

The article examines approaches to ensuring situational awareness under current threats to national security through the integration of heterogeneous data sources. The aim of the study is to harmonize methods for using Earth remote sensing data, ground-based geophysical monitoring, and open-source information to detect and verify natural and technogenic events.
The research methodology is based on a comprehensive analysis of multisensor information, including satellite imagery of various spatial resolutions, seismic and infrasound data, as well as mass media reports. Methods of spatio-temporal correlation, signal processing, and comparative analysis were applied.
The results confirm the effectiveness of the integrated approach for determining the parameters of technogenic events, including the time, location, and energy characteristics of explosions. Case studies of real events demonstrate the possibility of reliable verification even under conditions of limited availability of individual data sources.
The theoretical significance lies in the development of methodologies for spectral analysis of geophysical processes. The practical significance is associated with the application of the results to support decision-making in the field of security and defense.
The scientific novelty is defined by the integration of data sources of different physical nature into a unified event verification system.
The limitations of the study are related to the availability of very high-resolution satellite data and the technical characteristics of sensors. Future research prospects include the development of automated data processing algorithms and the expansion of monitoring networks.

Modelling and computer simulation of the turbulent two-phase jets of nano fluids

Ivan Kazachkov — 2026-06-18

The present paper is devoted to development of the mathematical models and numerical procedures for simulation of the mixing and heat transfer features of mutually immiscible liquids in the two-fluid turbulent heterogeneous jet flow, as well as in more general case – turbulent multiphase jets. Many natural and technical processes deal with the turbulent jets of mutually immiscible liquids, which represent an important class of the modern multiphase system dynamics. Differential equations for the axially symmetrical two-dimensional stationary flow and the integral correlations in a cylindrical coordinate system by Professor Alfred Nakorchevskii are considered for the jet of fluid flowing from a nozzle into a space filled with another fluid that is not miscible with the first one. Parameters of the turbulent mixing in the two-phase jet flow are modeled and analyzed. Previously the experimental data with water and oil, as well as with liquid metals, confirmed the results of numerical computer simulation when one example was performed for simulation of the high-temperature melts’ flow cooled by water in the hypothetic severe accidents at the nuclear power plant. The results obtained may be of interest for some research and industrial tasks, where the calculation of parameters of the multiphase turbulent mixing and heat transfer are important. Here the mathematical modelling and computer simulation of the mixing and heat transfer processes in the two-fluid turbulent heterogeneous jet flow of Nano fluids is considered. Many natural and technical processes deal with the turbulent jets of mutually immiscible liquids, which represent an important class of the modern multiphase system dynamics including the ones for the features of Nano fluids. Differential equations for the axially symmetrical two-dimensional stationary flow and the integral correlations in a cylindrical coordinate system were considered for the jet of fluid from a nozzle into a space filled with another fluid that is not miscible with the first one. Parameters of the turbulent mixing during the spreading of such jets are modeled and analyzed. The method was proved successfully during the half of the century in many different physical tasks including experimental studies with using the invented two-phase micro-sensor of Prof. A.I. Nakorchevskii and Dr. V.O. Chernov. The results obtained for the flow of a few Nano fluids may be of interest for the research and industrial tasks, where the calculation of multiphase turbulent mixing and heat transfer are important.

Assessment of the impact of a damper pendulum on a steel cantilever member of a spatial structure

Vasyl Mostovyy — 2026-06-18

The paper presents the results of an experimental study on the dynamic characteristics of a steel cantilever element in a spatial structure, using passive seismoacoustic monitoring methods. The purpose of the study was to determine the spectral characteristics of the object and assess the effectiveness of the pendulum vibration damper, as well as to conduct a comparative analysis of the damping properties of the structure under different operating modes. The study's relevance stems from the need to increase the reliability of engineering structures by implementing modern methods for monitoring their technical condition.
Vibrations were recorded using three-dimensional geophones with velosymmetric sensors oriented along three mutually perpendicular axes, which ensured the fixation of the spatial structure of the vibration process. Measurements were carried out under conditions of natural disturbance without the use of artificial influences, which allowed obtaining data close to the real operating conditions of the structure. The monitoring system provided continuous recording, preliminary signal processing and their spectral analysis.
During the study, the natural frequencies and shapes of the structure's vibrations were determined, and its damping characteristics were evaluated in the absence and presence of a pendulum damper. It was found that the use of a damper leads to a decrease in the amplitudes of vibrations and an increase in the level of damping, which confirms its effectiveness. It is shown that spectral characteristics can be considered as an informative indicator of the technical condition of the structure, sensitive to changes in its mechanical properties.
The results obtained confirm the feasibility of using passive seismoacoustic monitoring for the diagnosis of engineering structures. The proposed approach can be used to assess the condition of structures, monitor the effectiveness of vibration damping systems, and detect damage early.

Research the problem of using electronic signature to protect information with limited assess

Borys Horlynskyi — 2026-06-18

The rapid development of electronic document management systems in the world creates real prospects for a complete abandonment of the use of paper documents.
Currently, electronic document management systems are successfully operating in Ukraine, in which open information is processed. This is facilitated by the presence of a valid legislative framework. At the same time, the development of electronic document management systems containing information with limited access is hampered by the incompleteness of the legislative basis.
The purpose of the article is to present the main results of research work aimed at identifying problematic issues regarding the standardization of the use of electronic signatures to protect electronic documents containing information with limited access, processed in information and communication systems.
In order to eliminate fragmentation and complete the development of the legislative framework regulating electronic document flow containing information with limited access, it is proposed:
1) to develop a draft Procedure for the provision and use of electronic identification services and electronic trust services provided using information and communication systems when processing official information and information constituting a state secret, to approve it by departmental order and to coordinate it with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine);
2) create (for several interested state bodies) experimental sections of the ICS for processing electronic documents containing official and secret information, and, in the process of comprehensive testing, investigate their operability, challenges in developing security profiles, possibilities of obtaining certificates, etc.
3) amend the Law of Ukraine “On Electronic Identification and Electronic Trust Services”, as well as a number of regulatory legal acts regulating the handling of paper secret documents, providing for the concept of “electronic secret document” in them.

Hybrid method for tracking moving objects in video streams under dynamic observation conditions

Oleksiy Semko — 2026-06-18

A hybrid method for tracking objects in dynamic observation is proposed. Such conditions arise when the camera rotates and changes the zoom factor. The method uses the metadata of the camera position, including pitch, yaw, roll angles and zoom factors. The YOLO v8 artificial convolutional neural network was used as a detector. The main method of tracking the two is the stage of comparing detections and previous trajectories. At the first stage, the matching performed using the area overlap coefficient in pixel coordinates. At the second stage, the calculation of global coordinates is used based on the position of the object in the frame and the camera metadata. These global coordinates are using to predict the next position and compare with previous trajectories. The proposed method also allows determining the position of objects using data from altimeter sensors. The advantage of the proposed approach is the possibility of observation during sharp camera movements and changes in perspective. The method was experimentally tested on complex dynamic traffic scenes. The proposed method demonstrates higher metrics IDF1 = 0.84 and MOTA = 0.81 than standard algorithms on complex dynamic scenes. The method can be used in dynamic surveillance systems.

Chornobyl accident and military radio communications: analysis of organization and features of functioning

Sergii Gnatiuk — 2026-06-18

The article examines the deployment process, dynamics of changes, and specific features of the military communication system within the 30-kilometer zone of the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant during the period from April 26, 1986, to December 5, 1986. Particular attention is paid to radio communication as the most operational means of communication under extreme conditions. The material is based on documents and orders of the operational group of the USSR Ministry of Defense (military unit 06407), daily statistical data, as well as the analysis of records in the communication department, orders of the leadership, and the results of their implementation.
The study considers the interaction between military and civilian structures, emergency task adjustments, and the creation of additional communication elements that operated situationally and were not always documented. The findings allow tracing the peculiarities of information support and management in the conditions of initial chaos after the accident, and demonstrate the role of the military communication system in ensuring coordination of actions among various forces and structures. The historical experience of Chornobyl remains relevant for contemporary circumstances, as humanity once again faces the challenges of large-scale crises and military threats.

Methodological basis of cyberinsurance risk assessment

Mykola Khudyntsev — 2026-06-18

The main objective of the study is to formulate methodological foundations for assessing cyber insurance risks. The work defines the main terms related to cyber insurance, systematizes and analyzes cyber insurance risks, presents objects (processes) that will be subject to automation in the future, and cyber insurance algorithms. The objectives of the study are to determine the foundations of the methodology for assessing cyber insurance risks and cyber insurance within the framework of the proposed cyber insurance model, which considers the basic maturity levels of the main categories of participants in the insurance market of Ukraine and can be used in practical business activities.
The methodological framework includes a description of the procedure for assessing cyber insurance (cyber insurance maturity), which complies with the provisions of the International Standard ISO/IEC 27102:2019(E) Information Security Management – Guidelines for Cyber Insurance and the Regulations on the Organization of Measures to Ensure Information Security and Cyber Protection by Financial Service Providers, approved by the Resolution of the Board of the National Bank of Ukraine dated 09.12.2025 No. 143. The basis of the procedure is the assessment of the development and implementation of cyber risk management processes and information security risks, as well as measures to ensure information security and cyber protection, considering the peculiarities of the functioning of the information and communication systems of the financial service provider within the framework of a risk-based approach.
The paper proposes a hybrid model for assessing information security risks, cyber risks and cyber insurance maturity (RA&CIMM), criteria for determining risks and the level of IT maturity of the cyber insurance model, as well as the domain structure of the cyber insurance index (cyber insurance maturity).
The results obtained can be used for planning and implementing cyber insurance by financial service providers (insurance market participants), as well as for comparative analysis with other approaches and insurance models, as well as the domain structure of the cyber insurance index (cyber insurance maturity).

Restoration of missing environmental data in an air quality monitoring system based on a naive Bayes classifier

Dmytro Shevchenko — 2026-06-18

The article examines an approach to restoring missing environmental data in an air quality monitoring system based on a Naive Bayes classifier. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that missing values in observational time series reduce the reliability of air quality index calculations, complicate the interpretation of environmental conditions, and weaken the analytical support of managerial decision-making. The study is a logical continuation of previous research in which stable and representative monitoring stations suitable for forming a high-quality training dataset were identified using cluster analysis. In contrast to approaches that use the entire set of available measurements without considering their reliability, the proposed method involves training the model only on data from selected stations characterized by higher completeness, stability, and credibility of time series.
The study forms a feature space based on concentrations of major pollutants and accompanying meteorological parameters, uses CAQI categories as the target variable, and implements a procedure for restoring missing values according to the most probable air quality class. The obtained results confirmed the acceptable quality of the constructed model: the overall classification accuracy reached 0.71, which indicates the suitability of the approach for basic air quality assessment and its further use in intelligent data restoration tasks.
The practical value of the proposed approach lies in its potential integration into environmental information and analytical systems in order to improve data completeness, enhance the quality of air quality index calculations, and provide more reliable analytical support for decision-making.

A method for optimizing query routing in distributed databases to reduce latency and load

Roman Belous — 2026-06-18

This paper develops a query routing method for distributed databases that reduces network latency and achieves uniform load distribution across cluster nodes through a statistically grounded, autonomous adaptive tuning of scoring function weights.
A multi-factor scoring model is proposed for target-node selection, incorporating CPU load, round-trip network latency, and topological data distance. Unlike existing adaptive routing approaches that rely on heuristic or static weight assignment, the proposed method determines weights through a statistically grounded procedure based on Pearson correlation analysis between each factor and observed query response times within a sliding window, smoothed by exponential moving average (EMA). This design ensures invariance to workload type without administrator intervention.
Simulation on a five-node cluster demonstrates a 38.4% reduction in mean query latency, a 44.1% reduction in P95 latency, a 41.2% increase in throughput, and a 29.7% reduction in peak per-node CPU utilization compared to random routing. Load standard deviation across nodes decreases by a factor of 6.7.
For the first time, a weight-adaptation mechanism is proposed in which adaptation is a function of execution statistics rather than a rule set, providing theoretically grounded behavior under varying workloads. The method addresses a gap left by latency-aware, least-loaded, and geo-distributed routing, none of which jointly optimize resource, network, and topological factors adaptively.
Deployable as a middleware layer without modifying application logic. Uniform load distribution lowers peak server energy consumption, contributing to the carbon footprint reduction of data-center infrastructure.
Complexity is O(k) per routing decision; clusters exceeding 100 nodes require hierarchical adaptation. The independence assumption between factors is a known limitation addressed in future work.

The problem of IC50 prediction for ligand-protein pairs using Transformer architecture under limited resources

Pavlo Krysenko — 2026-06-18

The article discusses approaches to optimizing the training of models for predicting the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ligand-protein pairs under limited computational resources. A method of smart bucketing of data by protein length with a dynamic selection of the number of groups to improve randomization is proposed. To solve the problem of the quadratic complexity of the Transformer architecture, a convolution layer was used to compress the input data. Based on 4 conducted experiments, the relationship between the degree of sequence compression and the obtained root mean square error (RMSE) for lgIC50 was analyzed.

Analysis of current scientific research on methods of assessing the impact of industrial noise on workers and its negative health effects

Artem Maksymenko — 2026-06-18

The article examines the problem of the impact of industrial noise on workers, the production environment, residents of adjacent territories, and the environment. The relevance of the topic is associated with the growing number of noise sources, industrial development, increasing complexity of technological processes, and the widespread use of high-performance equipment that creates significant noise loads. It has been established that industrial noise is one of the most dangerous factors of the working environment, as it affects not only the human auditory system but also the nervous, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems, reduces work capacity, increases fatigue and stress levels, and raises the risk of occupational injuries. The paper summarizes modern scientific approaches to studying the nature of industrial noise, its physical characteristics, spectral composition, temporal features, and propagation patterns. The main noise sources at industrial enterprises are considered, including mechanical equipment, crushers, presses, hammers, compressors, fans, turbines, conveyors, transformers, metal-cutting machines, ventilation systems, and technological processes such as cutting, grinding, drilling, and welding. It has been determined that most industrial sectors are characterized by noise levels exceeding 85 dB(A), while some technological processes may generate noise above 100 dB(A), creating a high risk of occupational hearing loss. Impulse and low-frequency noise are particularly dangerous because they may cause pronounced vibroacoustic effects on the human body. The article analyzes modern methods of noise impact assessment, including field acoustic measurements, noise exposure assessment, acoustic modeling, GIS technologies, and noise mapping. It is shown that the use of digital models makes it possible not only to identify the most hazardous production areas but also to predict noise propagation and assess the effectiveness of noise protection measures. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of international and Ukrainian regulatory documents in the field of occupational noise, including International Organization for Standardization ISO 9612:2025, European Union Directive 2003/10/EC, DSN 3.3.6.037-99, and Order №540 of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. It has been established that modern scientific studies increasingly consider noise as a complex risk factor that affects not only hearing but also psycho-emotional condition, occupational burnout, reaction speed, quality of life, and worker safety. Promising directions for further research include the use of IoT sensors, dynamic noise maps, real-time monitoring systems, and artificial intelligence for predicting noise risks and developing effective noise protection measures.

Peat fires as a global environmental problem

Mykhailo Popov — 2026-06-18

The spread of peat fires in many countries has recently caused great concern worldwide. The reason is that peat fires release significant amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which increases the greenhouse effect and negatively affects the climate. Smoke and ash released during peat burning have a harmful effect on human health and are especially dangerous for people with respiratory diseases. The increase in the number of peat fires is associated with climate change, which leads to drier conditions in forests, a decrease in the total amount of precipitation, as well as an increase in anthropogenic impact on nature. The actualization of the problem of peat fires, the growth of the dynamics of which can lead to a planetary environmental problem and its catastrophic consequences, has become an impetus for a systematic study of the situation with peat fires. The study is aimed at forming an interdisciplinary understanding of peatlands and peat fires in the modern world, clarifying their consequences and identifying possible environmental problems of the near future. Given the large-scale increase in peat fires in recent decades in many countries of the world, the authors set themselves the goal of systematizing knowledge about peat fires and their consequences in the context of a global environmental problem. The study is based on such methods as system analysis, statistical and historical methods, interdisciplinary approach, causal analysis, and others. The study provides a systematic description of many peatlands and clarifies the causes of peat fires in various regions of the world, including Ukraine. Directions of further research include the development of methods for remote detection of peat layers in the mode of weak smouldering, forecasting the dynamics of the occurrence and spread of peat fires taking into account the geological features of the territory. During the research, it is planned to develop a corresponding scientific and applied apparatus, as well as to use the capabilities of modern remote sensing technologies.

Influence of permeable pile breakwater on surface waves

Volodymyr Voskoboinick — 2026-06-18

Laboratory experimental researches were conducted to study the influence of the pile shape of permeable vertical breakwater on the formation and transformation of surface waves. The experiments conducted in a wave channel, where waves of different heights, periods and wavelengths were generated, with permeable breakwaters of a fuel structure with piles of circular, square and triangular cross-section. The use of a group of sensors made it possible to determine the features of wave transformation during their interaction with single-row permeable vertical walls. Regardless of the direction of the frontal surface of the square cross-section piles of permeable breakwaters, the height of the reflected and transmission surface waves increased and the increase coefficient increased with increasing steepness of the incoming wave. The height of the reflected wave significantly exceeded the height of the transmission wave. With increasing permeability of the vertical single-row pile breakwater, the steepness of the reflected wave decreased, and the steepness of the transmission wave, on the contrary, increased. The highest ratios between reflected wave heights and transmitted wave heights as a function of normalized wave number were recorded for breakwaters with a permeability of 20%, which consisted of square-section piles, where the side of the square was directed towards the incoming wave. The lowest ratios between reflected wave heights and transmitted wave heights as a function of wave number were observed for breakwaters with a permeability of 50%, which consisted of square-section piles, where the edge of the pile was directed towards the wave.

Improvement of the regulatory and legal framework for the development of environmentally safe technologies for PVC profile recycling: directions and expected impacts

Sergii Kozhevnikov — 2026-06-18

Тhe article examines key directions for improving the regulatory framework governing the development of environmentally safe technologies for recycling PVC profiles in Ukraine. Based on an analysis of scientific literature and EU best practices, the author proposes a Draft National Standard for secondary PVC (RePVC), which includes detailed requirements for material quality, environmental safety, and control methods. The study identifies essential technical parameters of recycled PVC, such as particle size distribution, permissible levels of impurities and toxic residues, mechanical properties, and ecological indicators. A structured model of a normative act is presented, covering procedures for acceptance, labelling, transportation, conformity assessment, and material traceability. Special attention is devoted to analyzing necessary amendments to the Laws of Ukraine “On Waste Management,” “On Waste,” and the Tax Code. These changes include the introduction of mandatory disposal of PVC products, the implementation of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), and the establishment of economic incentives for recyclers, such as tax benefits, investment credits, and accelerated depreciation of recycling equipment. The article also provides a quantitative assessment of expected economic and environmental effects: a threefold increase in RePVC output, a reduction in CO₂ emissions by more than 7,000 tons per year, significant savings on landfilling, and yearly raw material savings exceeding EUR 3 million. The proposed measures create favorable conditions for developing a circular economy, improving resource efficiency, and harmonizing Ukrainian regulations with EU standards. The results can be used for drafting national standards, designing state support programs for recycling enterprises, and developing EPR mechanisms in the field of PVC waste management.

Factors of environmental condition normalization during aircraft operation

Tetyana Kozlovskaya — 2026-06-18

A comprehensive analysis of environmental factors shaping the impact of aviation activity on the environment has been carried out, including emissions of harmful substances, acoustic pollution, and thermal and vibrational effects. The operational characteristics of aircraft determining the scale of CO₂, NOₓ, SOₓ, CO, and particulate matter emissions at different flight phases have been systematically examined. The dependence of emission intensity on engine type, combustion parameters, and flight altitude – which influence photochemical processes in the tropopause – has been evaluated. A comparative analysis of the environmental characteristics of turbojet, turbofan, hybrid, and electric aircraft engines revealed a trend toward reduced specific fuel consumption and pollutant levels due to increased thermodynamic cycle efficiency. The nature of acoustic loads generated by engines, landing gear, and aerodynamic body elements has been studied, identifying zones of the greatest impact near airports. International standards on aircraft noise exposure and noise reduction methods have been analyzed, establishing correlations between propulsion system design parameters and noise emission levels. This enables optimization of turbine blade and nozzle architecture to minimize sound pressure levels. Secondary factors of environmental impact have been separately considered, including pollution caused by fuel and lubricants, de-icing agents, maintenance byproducts, and the formation of contrails and induced cirrus clouds that alter the atmospheric radiation balance. Monitoring data confirming spatial nonuniformity of pollution around airports and along flight corridors have been analyzed. Technological directions for minimizing harmful emissions have been summarized, particularly the implementation of low-temperature combustion technologies, and the advantages of hybrid-electric propulsion systems have been identified, achieving CO₂ emission reductions of 30–50%. The effectiveness of digital modeling of combustion chamber processes for predicting environmental performance at the design stage has been demonstrated. A conceptual model of ecological monitoring for aircraft operation has been developed, integrating Big Data analytics, Internet of Things (IoT), and digital twin technologies for real-time control of emissions, noise, and fuel consumption. The integration of monitoring results into airport environmental management systems has been proposed, following a concept that includes energy-efficient infrastructure, renewable energy utilization, and waste recycling. The necessity of applying economic incentives for aviation enterprises – such as environmental certificates, tax benefits, and support for innovative projects – has been substantiated. Special attention is paid to personnel training, environmental awareness, and institutional cooperation between aviation and environmental protection authorities.

Features of using the landgem model to determine methane emissions from municipal solid waste disposal sites

Veronika Prykhodko — 2026-06-18

This article focuses on the current scientific and practical area of estimating and forecasting the production of biogas and its components, in particular methane, from municipal solid waste disposal sites. Despite a significant number of scientific studies and developed models for assessing methane generation from waste disposal sites, there are many uncertainties in the tasks of theoretical modelling and assessment of its generation. The results presented reveal the specific features of applying one of the models for calculating methane generation, the Landfill Gas Emission Model, developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The aim of the study is to assess the applicability of the model for estimating the generation of methane and other biogas components from landfills and waste disposal sites in Ukraine. The other methane generation models – the National Multi-Component Model based on the third-level detail decay method and the IPCC Waste Model – are also used in the study, as well as methods for the statistical analysis of results. The main results of the study consist in identifying the specific features of applying the Landfill Gas Emission Model to address the task of inventorying emissions of methane and other biogas components from Ukrainian landfills and dumps. The parameters of the calculation model that most closely approximate national conditions have been determined, namely: a methane generation constant of 0.098 year⁻¹, corresponding to conditions of rapid waste decomposition; and a content of biodegradable organic carbon at a level of 0.24 MgC/Mg of waste.
It is necessary to take into account the landfill conditions (0.729) and the methane burn-off factor (0.8) to ensure the results as accurate as possible; however, applying these conditions does not guarantee complete consistency between results obtained using different methodologies. Thus, the total methane emissions over 50 years from the annual mass of landfilled municipal waste, calculated using the Landfill Gas Emission Model, will be 37% higher than those calculated using the National Model. Further adaptation of the model’s results is promising, as is the application of the Landfill Gas Emission Model principles for determining other biogas components within the framework of the National Model. The scientific and practical significance of this study lies in the validation of the components of the Landfill Gas Emission Model for the most accurate application in Ukraine.

Technology of improving the land use data accuracy for geospatial modeling tasks

Viacheslav Okhariev — 2026-06-18

The aim of the research is increasing the accuracy of land cover classification (LULC) based on Dynamic World (DW) data for the controlled territory of Ukraine. One of the key problems of such data is the regional specificity of the land use regime, which reduces the reliability of the global average world classification. The basic accuracy of the DW classification for all of Ukraine is 51%, which is significantly lower than the declared one (~72%). The exclusion of occupied and frontline territories and partial re-verification of reference points allowed to increase the accuracy to 64.58%, Kappa coefficient (κ) 0.600. Methods for refining the classification based on the seasonal amplitude of NDVI and the summer phenology filter did not provide an increase in accuracy due to the significant spectral overlap of vegetation cover classes. The method of object-oriented analysis based on cadastral boundaries showed the inaccuracy of such an approach even at the stage of material preparation. Instead, the Random Forest machine learning model, built on NDVI phenological indicators, annual mean class, and DW probability bands, achieved an accuracy of 68.10%, Kappa 0.637, which corresponds to the category of substantial agreement and is the best result among the studied methods.

Biodiversity threat index: methodology and application for Emerald network sites under catastrophic flood conditions

Nataliia Magas — 2026-06-18

Purpose. To develop and apply the Biodiversity Threat Index (BTI) as a quantitative tool for prioritizing post-disaster restoration of Emerald Network sites under conditions of limited field data availability.
Method. The BTI integrates five normalised indicators: flood coverage (F, w = 0.30), number of protected bird species under Bern Convention Resolution No. 6 (B, w = 0.22), number of habitat types under Resolution No. 4 (H, w = 0.18), other protected species (S, w = 0.12), and the normalised weighted flood impact area accounting for ecosystem vulnerability (W, w = 0.18). All indicators were normalised by min–max scaling. Weights were assigned by expert judgement and tested by ±10% sensitivity variation. The index was applied to 11 Emerald Network sites of the steppe biogeographical region affected by the catastrophic flood caused by the Kakhovka Dam failure on 6 June 2023. Flood extent was assessed using a satellite-derived flood mask based on Sentinel-2, Landsat-9, and Sentinel-1 data processed in Google Earth Engine.
Findings. Three sites received a critical threat class (BTI ≥ 0.70): Black Sea Biosphere Reserve (0.945), Dnipro-Bug Estuary (0.789), and Biloberezhzhia Sviatoslava National Nature Park (0.705), while the Lower Dnipro site (0.687) belonged to the high threat class. The Black Sea Biosphere Reserve ranked first because of the highest concentration of protected biodiversity features (180), despite not having the maximum flood percentage (80.5%). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the index: the ranking of the top four sites remained unchanged under ±10% weight variation.
Theoretical significance. The study contributes to the development of an integrated methodological framework for biodiversity-risk assessment in protected areas affected by catastrophic events by combining spatial flood indicators with species, habitat, and ecosystem-vulnerability characteristics.
Practical significance. The proposed index can be used to support post-disaster management, restoration prioritization, and allocation of limited conservation resources for Emerald Network sites where field verification is constrained or impossible.
Scientific novelty. The study proposes a reproducible quantitative index that moves beyond simple flood-area ranking and enables integrated prioritization of Emerald Network sites on the basis of both physical impact and conservation value.
Future research. The BTI relies on Emerald Network Standard Data Forms and remotely sensed flood estimates; therefore, it reflects the documented conservation value of sites rather than direct post-disaster field observations. Further research should refine the ecosystem-vulnerability component and test the method on other types of environmental disasters and in other regions.

Conceptual model of a GIS-based recommendation system for sustainable heritage routes formation

Denys Herchuk — 2026-06-18

The purpose of the study is to substantiate a conceptual model of a GIS-based recommendation system for generating sustainable routes to cultural and natural heritage sites. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to move from recommending separate popular locations to constructing routes that consider user interests, spatial, temporal, thematic, recreational and environmental constraints. The methodology combines system analysis, conceptual modelling, a geographic information approach and multi-criteria evaluation. The article defines the input data of the system: the user profile, characteristics of heritage sites, spatial data, contextual parameters and sustainability criteria. The proposed model includes modules for the user profile, heritage site database, geographic information analysis, context processing, multi-criteria evaluation, route generation and recommendation explanation. The result is a conceptual scheme in which a route is interpreted as a managed information object that should correspond to user interests, spatial and temporal feasibility, thematic coherence and the principles of sustainable territorial use. The scientific novelty lies in integrating personalized preferences, GIS routing logic, thematic coherence of heritage sites and sustainability criteria into a single mechanism for route generation. The theoretical value consists in clarifying the structure of a GIS-based recommendation system for cultural and nature-based tourism. The practical value lies in the possibility of using the model as a basis for a software prototype, a heritage site database and a route ranking algorithm. Further research should focus on formalizing criterion weights, selecting spatial and contextual data sources, developing an experimental dataset and evaluating recommendation quality in real or simulated tourist scenarios.