Environmental safety and natural resources

A two-step problem of optimizing the structure and routing of flows in a hierarchical multicommodity network

2025-11-14T14:44:16+02:00

The paper discusses the methodology of mathematical modeling of the two-stage problem of optimization of the backbone hierarchical communication network with multicommodity discrete flows and parameters. The methodology is based on the sequential solution of the problem of optimizing the network structure and the problem of distribution and routing of discrete correspondence flows. As a rule, such networks consist of a decentralized backbone network and fragmented networks in the internal service areas of the backbone nodes. There are four types of network nodes and three levels of its hierarchy. In a multicommodity network, each node can exchange correspondence (products, goods, cargo, messages) with other nodes. Correspondence is characterized by a source node, a drain node and a value, which for transport networks is given by the number of packaged goods, cargo in a package of a unified size, and for data transmission networks – by the number of bytes, kilobytes, etc. In the transport backbone network, all correspondence is first sorted by destination addresses, packed in transport blocks (containers), and then transported in vehicles along the transport highways. In data networks, correspondence is also sorted by destination addresses (multiplexed), packaged in virtual transport blocks, and then transmitted over trunk communication channels. The size (capacity, volume) of the transport blockt is set by the parameter, and is determined by the number of units of correspondence that fit into it. Mathematical models of problems of optimization of network structure, distribution and routing of flows, and an example of numerical modeling of solving problems on a transport network containing 120 nodes and 300 unoriented arcs are presented. Experimental studies have shown high computational efficiency of the proposed algorithms and programs, and they can be recommended for the practical solution of problems of optimizing the processes of processing and transporting flows in communication networks of large dimensions.

Mathematical modeling, intelligent data analysis and artificial intelligence to support decision-making in post-war reconstruction

2025-11-14T15:05:58+02:00

The article is devoted to the actual scientific and applied problem – development of information technologies of support of making management decisions in conditions of systemic uncertainty, in particular, characteristic for periods of martial law and post-war recovery. Its peculiarity is complexity of formalization and structuring, necessity of solution of tasks of decision-making in conditions of systemic uncertainty and risk caused by military aggression. Therefore, the actual problem is development of scientifically based flexible and universal methodology of application of mathematical models, methods of intellectual data analysis, artificial intelligence, information technologies for formation of management decisions, within the framework of the corresponding decision support system (DSS). In the work, the architecture of the corresponding DSS is proposed, the key link of which is subsystem of preliminary processing of large volumes of input data formed from statistical indicators, results of observations and surveys, information from Internet sources, etc., for construction of models of the studied processes, development of scenarios, strategic and operational planning and forecasting. The system implements all elements of the technological chain of collecting and processing structured and unstructured data, mathematical modeling, methods of intelligent data analysis, scenario analysis, cognitive modeling, artificial intelligence, etc. A feature of the developed methodology is the ability to adequately assess the current situation, its retrospective and predict its development and consequences under several scenarios, which is relevant for decision-making tasks in martial law and post-war recovery. The proposed information technologies are intended for use in state and public administration systems. Their structure is flexible and adaptive: the components can be used separately or as part of existing decision-making support systems, implementation will increase the quality and efficiency of management decisions by optimizing analytical processes and data processing speed.

Applying modern construction 4.0 technology to damaged buildings

2025-11-14T15:19:31+02:00

The work purpose was to conduct a comparative analysis investigating the damage caused to a high-rise building (HRB) under dynamic impacts of two types: periodic industrial explosions at the iron ore quarry of «UGOK» mining and processing plant in Kryvyi Rih and a rocket strike on HRB in Kyiv on February 26, 2022. fib bulletin 59 was used as the basis. The study demonstrates how the life cycle curve of HRB transforms under periodic dynamic impacts and a one-time combat action influence compared to the standard fib bulletin 59 curve. The applied methods included visual and instrumental inspection of buildings using non-destructive testing methods, geodetic and vibration instruments with IoT for refining initial-boundary conditions during the creation of the HRB Construction 4.0 (Digital Twins). Therefore, its experimental verification was conducted. The calculation package LIRA-CAD was used for calculations. It can be noticed while comparing vibration displacement projections at identical points of buildings 6-A and 6-B. Under current conditions, the operational lifespan of 6-A decreases by approximately ΔT ≈ 30 years. To restore the building to a safe technical state, allow residents to return, and extend its operational lifespan beyond the current estimate (≈ 70 years), comprehensive restoration work is required. A methodology for using a Construction 4.0 (Digital Twins) as an element of the straightening control system has been developed. It allows for the adjustment of tilt-eliminating works based on the current monitoring and calculation of the digital spatial model of the multi-story building and the stress-strain state of the "reshaped soil base – tilted strip foundation" system. The successful implementation of the methodology is also demonstrated. A multi-story building in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine, was straightened without relocating the residents or shutting down essential utilities (elevators, water supply, etc.). Three stages of Digital Twin (Construction 4.0) formation for the specified objects are considered: formation of a Digital Model; formation of Digital Twins, when methods and means of non-destructive testing are involved, and the last stage – Digital Twin, when the results and recommendations of the results of the first two stages are taken into account when reconstructing or restoring the original physical object for the Digital Twin.

Parallel modeling of sediment and radionuclide transport in rivers on multiprocessor systems and graphics processors

2025-11-14T16:08:18+02:00

The study aims to develop and implement parallel algorithms for modeling sediment and pollutant transport in rivers within the COASTOX-UN modeling system, utilizing multiprocessor systems and graphics processing units (GPUs). The modeling system includes a hydrodynamic module (COASTOX-HD), a sediment transport module (COASTOX-SED), and a radionuclide transport module (COASTOX-RN), which can also be adapted for other pollutants. The methodology is based on numerical solutions of two-dimensional shallow water equations and advection-diffusion transport equations using the finite volume method on unstructured grids. Parallel computing is implemented through MPI (for distributed-memory systems) and OpenACC (for GPUs). The system was tested for simulating radionuclide transport in the Kyiv Reservoir during the 1999 spring flood and assessing organic pollutant concentrations in the Dnipro River near Kyiv following transboundary contamination of the Desna River in autumn 2024. Results demonstrate high computational efficiency of the developed algorithms. The combination of MPI and OpenACC technologies in the parallelized COASTOX-UN model enables simulations of sediment and pollutant transport on detailed grids for large water bodies, running efficiently on workstations, servers, and even gaming PCs/laptops with powerful GPUs. GPU-based computations outperform professional workstations in efficiency. The study highlights COASTOX-UN's potential for operational pollution forecasting during emergencies. The key innovation lies in adapting parallel computing algorithms for both CPUs and GPUs, significantly reducing computational costs without compromising accuracy. Future research will expand COASTOX-UN's functionality for additional pollutant types and further assess risks of anthropogenic impacts on aquatic ecosystems.

Development of software for automated generation of geospatial GeoTIFF data of hydroacoustic echograms for the module of the oceanographic data bank of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

2025-11-14T16:25:19+02:00

This article presents the development of software designed for the automated generation of geospatial data from hydroacoustic echograms obtained via side-scan sonar (SSS). SSS is a key tool for mapping the underwater environment, allowing for high-resolution echograms of the bottom and coastal zone. The combination of SSS data with satellite navigation (GPS) creates conditions for an accurate geospatial representation of underwater features, which is critical for oceanographic research, engineering work and environmental monitoring. Software processing of "raw" (initial) SSS data requires several stages: separation of port and starboard channels, reading GPS tags, smoothing the ship's track and converting echogram pixels into a georeferenced raster. The primary objective is to create a tool that facilitates efficient processing and visualization of SSS data, enabling the georeferencing of results in the GeoTIFF format. The developed software implements algorithms for preliminary signal processing, noise filtering, coordinate transformation, and the automatic creation of echogram mosaics. The practical application of this tool is demonstrated through a case study of surveying a section of the Dnipro River channel, resulting in high-quality geospatial images of the riverbed. The outcomes indicate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for integrating hydroacoustic data into geographic information systems (GIS), thereby opening new opportunities for monitoring aquatic ecosystems and supporting scientific research in the field of oceanography.

Geoinformation technology for land use dynamics monitoring based on the analysis of satellite images

2025-11-14T16:36:17+02:00

Changes in land cover have a significant impact on the global climate balance. Rational and balanced use of land resources is one of the key factors in reducing the negative impact of economic activity on climate change. Modern methods of remote sensing of the Earth allow for a comprehensive analysis of land use processes. Today, there are a number of products that provide land use classification based on open high-precision satellite images, in particular the Dynamic World (DW) dataset with a spatial resolution of 10 m. The purpose of this study is to assess the dynamics of land use in Ukraine, namely changes in the areas of vegetation classes and those used for growing crops, which may contribute to an increase in CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere. This study analyzed Dynamic World land use classifications for the territory of Ukraine for 2017 and 2024. Despite the accuracy declared by the company at 73%, a separate reliability assessment was performed specifically for the territory of Ukraine. Based on a stratified sample, it was determined that the overall accuracy of the classification for 2024 is 51.15%, and the Kappa coefficient is 0.44, which is significantly lower than the officially published indicators. Taking into account the specifics of the territory, the nature of land use and the limited sample for 2017, an analysis of the dynamics of land use areas was conducted. Two groups of classes were considered: on the one hand, lands with different types of vegetation cover (trees, grasses, wetlands, shrubs), on the other hand, territories of active agricultural use with open soils (crops). An error-adjusted area estimation was carried out in the interaction of the crops class and classes with vegetation cover, and the results were corrected using a confidence interval and bootstrap analysis. This allowed us to take into account the impact of the reduced accuracy of DW classifications and the limitations of the stratified verification sample. The results showed a potential trend of the transition of classes with vegetation cover to the category of open soils, which may be associated with an increase in the intensity of agricultural land use. This, in turn, creates risks for the balance of emissions and assimilation of greenhouse gases.

Information technology for passive location of dynamic events in the border zone

2025-11-15T01:05:06+02:00

This article presents the results of a research project focused on developing an information technology for passive localization of dynamic events in the border areas of Chernihiv region, Ukraine – a territory continuously affected by artillery shelling and military activity due to ongoing armed aggression. The proposed system integrates multiple components: sensor-based measurement modules (seismic and acoustic detectors), digital catalogs of amplitude-frequency spectral patterns, geoinformation services, signal processing techniques, and predictive analytics. The research utilizes data from various sources – sensor networks, high-resolution satellite imagery, and open-source web platforms – all integrated into a multilayered system architecture powered by modern data processing tools.
During the scientific research, the following results were obtained: the hardware and software complex of passive location was improved; digital catalogs of spectra of civil and military equipment were formed; GIS risk models were created for the border strip of Chernihiv region; modern forecasting methods were applied; a decision support system was developed; the possibilities of integrating the technology into the national early warning system were substantiated.
The outcome includes dynamic risk maps, thermal maps of forest burnouts and agricultural degradation, polygonal models of affected territories, and spatio-temporal diagrams of threat activity. Forecasting modules were implemented using statistical models such as ARIMA and Prophet, as well as deep learning models based on LSTM networks, allowing accurate prediction of repeated shelling or vehicle movement patterns. The practical relevance of this work lies in the possibility of integrating the developed technology into Ukraine’s national early warning system. The system can be effectively used by local authorities, the State Emergency Service, and military units to monitor the security environment, ensure timely response, and minimize casualties and infrastructure damage in vulnerable border communities.

UX research methods and strategies in the development of interactive interfaces

2025-11-15T01:22:17+02:00

This article reviews current methodologies and algorithms used in UX research for user interface design, leveraging technological advances.
UX research is essential in digital product design, although its approach varies depending on whether the product is new or established. For new products, research primarily involves beta testing to identify critical issues before launch. In contrast, research on existing products focuses on implementing and evaluating improvements to improve the user experience.
This article explores a number of UX research methods and algorithmic approaches used in the design of interactive interfaces, with a particular emphasis on understanding user goals, preferences, behaviors, and needs. An information system designed to store and process data served as a case study for practical evaluation.
The study involved real users performing specific tasks, such as completing purchase transactions and registration forms. These actions illustrated how well-executed UX research can lead to significant long-term savings in time and resources. According to Forrester Research, improving user experience can increase conversion rates by up to 400%, effectively doubling initial performance metrics. Early detection of design flaws during the development phase also helps minimize future project costs.
Overall, the study offers a comprehensive overview of methodologies and algorithms that improve the quality and effectiveness of UX research in the design of interactive systems. It highlights the critical role of user-centered design in creating intuitive graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and other software applications that meet user expectations and facilitate seamless interactions.

Application of convolutional neural networks for improving the accuracy of multistatic localization of radio emission sources

2025-11-15T01:31:49+02:00

The study addresses the scientific and practical problem of improving the accuracy of localization of radio emission sources (RES) in the high-frequency (HF) band by combining classical direction-finding and amplitude analysis methods with modern intelligent technologies. The relevance of the problem is determined by the fact that traditional methods for determining the coordinates of signals largely depend on ionospheric disturbances, geomagnetic activity, and intentional electronic countermeasures, which significantly reduce their effectiveness.
The aim of the study is to develop a multistatic architecture of software-defined receivers with embedded convolutional neural network (CNN) modules capable of analyzing spectral–spatial signal characteristics and identifying hidden patterns in input data. The paper describes the principles of constructing algorithms for joint processing of amplitude and angular information, taking into account the electrophysical parameters of the ionosphere and factors of electromagnetic inaccessibility. Simulation results confirmed that the application of a hybrid approach makes it possible to reduce the uncertainty area of localization to 8–30% of its initial size.
Special attention is given to the analysis of localization errors, their physical causes, and minimization methods, which ensure stability and reliability of the system even under conditions of electromagnetic countermeasures. The proposed approach enhances the efficiency of radiomonitoring and electronic intelligence systems.

Reducing the toxicity level of wood burning products during evacuation of people

2025-11-15T01:42:17+02:00

The problem of using wood for interior decoration is to ensure resistance to high-temperature flames, so the purpose of the research was to establish the effect of fire protection of wood on reducing flammability, smoke generation and toxicity of combustion products. The establishment of fire hazard factors of wood combustion was carried out by establishing its interaction with high-temperature flames. Based on the results of field tests to determine the process of wood flammability, it was established that wood is a combustible material, impregnated wood withstood the temperature effect and is a difficult-to-burn material. The average value of the smoke generation coefficient for wood in the smoldering mode is 756.11 m²/kg and refers such wood to materials with high smoke generation capacity. Fire-retardant treatment reduces the smoke generation of wood by almost three times. As a result of tests of toxicity of combustion products, the following was established: the level of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood of laboratory animals indicates that the lethal effect is mainly due to the action of carbon monoxide. The minimum value of the HCL50 indicator, determined at a temperature of 400 °C, is for wood treated with "FIREWALL-ATTIC" – 62.5 g/m³ and for "FIREWALL-WOOD" – 73.3 g/m³, respectively, used to establish the value of the toxicity indicator of combustion products and it was established that the studied materials belong to moderately hazardous materials. This material is classified as a material with moderate smoke-forming ability, and in terms of toxicity of combustion products it is moderately hazardous. The practical significance is that the results obtained were taken into account when developing measures for evacuating people. Thus, there are grounds to assert the value of the above study, which is aimed at regulating the combustion processes of wood products. Prospects for further research will be aimed at identifying the point in time at which the fire-retardant properties of wood begin to decline under the influence of high temperature, which will allow us to investigate structural transformations in the material that lead to an increase in the toxicity of combustion products.

Investigation of the correlation between hydrochemical parameters of samara river and population health

2025-11-15T20:47:52+02:00

The anthropogenic load on the components of the natural environment in most regions has reached a level that threatens the population's health. The high pollution level of water sources is associated with excessive discharge of untreated and/or insufficiently treated wastewater from various sectors of the national economy. It directly or indirectly leads to a deterioration in sanitary and hygienic conditions and the spread of multiple diseases among the population.
The purpose of the study is to establish the cause-and-effect relationship between the qualitative and quantitative state of the surface waters of the Samara River and certain classes of diseases of the population living in the territory of the Western Donbas region.
Materials and methods of the study. The relationship between the qualitative and quantitative state of the surface waters of the Samara River and certain classes of diseases of the population was established using the method of statistical analysis based on the calculation of Pearson correlation coefficients with the determination of the confidence probability by comparing the calculated reliability criteria of the obtained correlation coefficients with the critical value of the Student t-criterion at different levels of significance. The study used statistical data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine for 2011-2022.
Research results. With a high degree of probability, a direct relationship was proven between the increase in certain diseases of residents of the considered territory and the presence of pollutants in the studied reservoir. The following classes of diseases were most closely related to the qualitative and quantitative state of water: diseases of the blood and hematopoietic organs; diseases of the endocrine system; diseases of the circulatory system; diseases of the digestive system; diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Based on the results obtained, it will be possible to develop an operational system of environmental protection measures and measures to preserve the health of the population living in the surrounding areas.

Acoustic efficiency of green facades: evaluation of the impact of Parthenocsissus quinquefolia on noise pollution reduction

2025-11-15T21:01:25+02:00

The article presents the results of a study of the acoustic efficiency of a green facade formed with Parthenocissus quinquefolia as a natural noise-absorbing barrier in an urban environment. The relevance of the work is due to the growing level of noise pollution, which is one of the leading environmental risk factors in cities. The potential of vertical gardening as an element of sustainable architectural design that combines aesthetic appeal with environmental and functional benefits is investigated. The aim of the study was to quantify the ability of a green facade formed by Parthenocissus quinquefolia to reduce sound pressure levels in the external and internal environment of a residential building. The experimental part was carried out by means of full-scale modelling of a facade fragment in two seasonal states - with and without the existing leaf cover. Acoustic measurements were performed in accordance with the requirements of DSTU B V.2.6-86:2009 under controlled conditions. Additionally, numerical modelling of wave propagation was applied, taking into account changes in the effective density and elastic properties of the medium. The results of the study show that the leaves of Parthenocissus quinquefolia reduce the sound pressure level by up to 20 dB in the mid-frequency range. Even in the absence of leaf cover, a pronounced noise-protective effect is maintained, which confirms the feasibility of using this plant for vertical gardening in the context of reducing noise load. The obtained results deepen the understanding of the acoustic properties of green facades and emphasise the feasibility of their use in the environmentally oriented design of urban spaces.

Sustainable approach to designing window profiles to reduce environmental impact

2025-11-15T21:12:56+02:00

The article reveals the importance of sustainable product design as an important criterion in the formation of environmentally friendly and resource-efficient PVC-based building products. The study aims to determine the role of environmentally oriented design in increasing the efficiency of recycling plastic window and door profiles. Sustainable design is seen as a strategy that takes into account all stages of the product's life cycle, from raw material selection to disposal, with a focus on reducing negative environmental impact, energy efficiency, maintainability, and reusability. The article analyzes the basic principles of sustainable design, including the use of safe and renewable materials, waste minimization, energy-saving production, ease of disassembly, and recyclability. The importance of incorporating recycled PVC into profile designs and the compatibility of new materials with existing recycling systems is emphasized. It is emphasized that proper design can reduce resource consumption at the processing stages and reduce the toxic load on the environment.
The authors paid special attention to the review of innovative solutions in materials science: PVC profiles made of fully recycled plastic, WPC composites (a combination of wood and PVC), and the promising technology of Bio-PVC based on vegetable oils. Bio-PVC, as noted in the article, is an important alternative that reduces dependence on petrochemical raw materials, reduces toxicity, and promotes integration into the circular economy.
European cases of successful implementation of recycling initiatives are analyzed: in particular, the German Rewindo project, programs in France and Poland. These examples demonstrate how legislative and infrastructural changes can create effective mechanisms for collecting and recycling PVC windows and doors. The article also emphasizes that the introduction of sustainable design is the key to meeting modern environmental standards (REACH, BREEAM, LEED) and increasing the investment attractiveness of production.
In conclusion, it is emphasized that sustainable design is not only an engineering approach, but also a strategic model for transforming the industry in line with the challenges of climate policy. It is a key factor in reducing the carbon footprint, improving environmental safety, optimizing resources and creating new opportunities in the construction industry.

Assessment of the impact of chemical pollution of the atmosphere on the formation of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for the health of the city population of Cherkask region

2025-11-15T21:26:29+02:00

The article discusses current issues related to the ecological safety of atmospheric pollution and the role of anthropogenic emissions in the formation of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to the health of the population in industrial cities of the Cherkasy region. The publication materials emphasize that the accumulation of pollutants in the atmospheric air, particularly concentrations of SO₂, NO₂, CO, phenol, formaldehyde, and hydrocarbons, causes a wide range of health problems affecting the visual organs, respiratory system, and increases mortality from respiratory diseases, oncology, and other conditions. The authors analyzed the data from air pollution monitoring conducted by mobile stations of the State Institution Cherkasy Regional Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, as well as retrospective data from other laboratories in the region. These findings indicated the presence of the aforementioned toxicants in all collected samples. Attention is drawn to the effects of toxic substances' accumulation, the formation of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to human health in residential areas, based on the calculation of air pollution hazard indices. The authors highlight the persistence of chemical ingredients in the environment, their ability to quickly enter biological chains, and their complex impact on the human body in combination with drinking water, atmospheric air, and food products. However, atmospheric air remains the primary chain of influence. The identified compounds pose a potential threat in creating carcinogenic hazard conditions and reducing human lifespan. A clear dynamic of the growth of primary diseases is noted. The authors emphasize that the existing system for studying atmospheric pollution needs improvement, the implementation of planned measures and rules, and a clear organization of the monitoring system for their adherence and preventive actions. The article stresses the need to intensify scientific research regarding the impact of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic factors in populated areas. It outlines the directions for the application of research results.