A TECHNOGENIC LOAD ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS DURING THE FORMATION AND ACCUMULATION OF THE WASTE IN THE NORTH-WESTERN BLACK SEA REGIONS

The amount of the production and consumption waste generated and accumulated in a certain territory (in the region) can be considered as one of the indicators of a technogenic load on the environmental components. The processes of formation and accumulation of various wastes pose a threat to a state of all environmental components. The formation and, especially, the accumulation of production and consumption waste inevitably contaminate the soil cover. The problem of inefficient waste management is typical for the regions of Ukraine, and therefore the purpose of the work is to assess a level of a technogenic load on the environmental components by the indicators of the formation and accumulation of production waste and the consumption in the regions of the Northwest Black Sea. To evaluate and analyze a level of a technogenic load on the environment based on the principle of calculating a technogenic load module it is proposed to determine a module of a technogenic load on the geological environment, ie the most vulnerable component of the environment. It is established that the greatest load in the territory of the North-Western Black Sea is in the Mykolaiv region (due to industrial waste). The amount of the generated and accumulated waste exceeds the corresponding figures in the Odesa and Kherson regions. More than 95% are class IV hazardous waste. In almost all regions of the Northwest Black Sea, there has been a tendency of increasing a load, primarily due to the increased accumulation of the waste. It is suggested to determine a module of a technogenic load on the geological environment according to the waste generated and accumulated in the region.


Introduction
The processes of forming and accumulating the various wastes pose a threat to a state of all environmental components. At the sites of landfills (landfills), harmful substances enter the air pool, pollute fertile soils, surface and groundwater, and also pose a threat to a sanitary and epidemiological state of the surrounding settlements. Taking into account that in the regions of Ukraine the predominant method of handling solid household waste (SHW) is its removal and disposal at landfills (landfills), the absolute majority of which do not meet the environmental safety requirements, the processes of physical, chemical and biological pollution, in particular, the geological environment (GE) will be enhanced.
The GE is the upper part of the lithosphere, which is considered as a multicomponent system, which is influenced by human engineering and economic activity, and, in its turn it fully determines this activity [1]. In the Environmental Encyclopedia [2], the GE is a multicomponent dynamic complex organized natural system (rocks, soils, sediments, groundwater, natural gases), which is characterized by the presence of geophysical and geochemical fields and interacts with the elements of landscape, atmosphere, surface waters and is affected by technogenic activities. According to this definition fertile soils are included into the GE; only natural gases and non-hydrocarbon fluids are included into the GE componenets. The GE "interacts with the elements of the landscape, the atmosphere", but a ground part of the atmosphere is a part of the landscape.
The issue referring to the GE upper boundary is no less difficult, because many researchers include not only rocks, but also fertile soils, surface water and biota into the concept of "the geological environment". Therefore V.T. Trofimov and others [3] proposed the term "a surface part of the lithosphere" (LSP), excluding surface waters and, in certain situations, fertile soils from it instead of the term "the geological environment". In their interpretation, the upper boundary of the LSP usually extends along the sole of the humus layer of the fertile soil. If we consider the Earth's soil shell (the pedosphere) as a separating shell -a battery and a source of energy for bionites, then as a rule, fertile soils fall out of the GE (it should be recalled that fertile soils are subaerial, and bottom sediments are subaltern, but the latter are not generally referred to the GE). However if soil is considered as a geochemical barrier to the migration of pollutants, it is a part of the GE. If we consider fertile soil as mineral-organogenic rock acting as the first geochemical barrier to the migration of technogenic Ps or the environment for the exogenous processes development, it must be included in the object of ecological geology.
Therefore taking into account the fact that during forming and, especially, accumulating the production and consumption waste, a soil cover is inevitably contaminated, it is advisable to consider fertile soils as a component of the GE in this work.
The amount of production and consumption waste generated and accumulated in a certain territory (in the region) can be considered as one of the indicators of a technogenic load on the GE.
In the Odessa region, the facilities for the utilization and disposal of hazardous production wastes were created and are operating. But they are not enough. The system of hazardous waste collection is not developed in the rural areas. Also a serious problem is the problem of storage and safe handling of the unsuitable pesticides that have remained on the territory of the region since the Soviet time [4]. About 6.1 million m 3 of SHW are produced annually in the Odessa region. According to the Department of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Odessa Regional State Administration, there are 608 landfills occupying about 1300 hectares in the region. Most of them are in poor condition and are operating in violation of the environmental llaws and the sanitary and epidemiological safety requirements. An assessment of whether the territory of the Odessa region is favorable for the placement of SHW landfills has been made by physical-geographical, engineeringgeological, hydro-geological and technogenic indicators, but the obtained results do not allow to select a specific site for SHW landfill landing [5].
The main spheres where hazardous waste is actually generated in the Mykolaiv region include metallurgy, machine building, shipbuilding, food processing, leather processing, water utilities, agricultural enterprises, medical institutions. As for 2017 the Mikolaev alumina plant was the largest source of the waste generation among the enterprises in the region [6].
In the territory of the Kherson region there are 100 waste generation facilities and 8 waste treatment and disposal facilities. A critical situation has emerged in the area of SHW management. Each year more than 250,000 tonnes of SHW are produced in the region. According to the inventory of the landfill sites, 329 such sites are located in the territory of the region, and only 73 of them are certified and 77 enterprises are operated with the documentation for the right to use the land. Also there are 1921,804 tonnes of unsuitable pesticides on the territory of the region, and 1887,436 tonnes of them are ownerless [7].
Many issues have been devoted to the waste management and consumption in the regions of the North-Western Black Sea. Thus in the work [8] a general characterization of the problem of landfills for the Odessa region is presented. The authors formed a set of indicators on the location of SHW. Based on the cluster analysis, zoning of the territory of the Odessa region according to the indicators of the SHW locations was carried out. It is determined that the problem of inefficient waste management is typical for the regions of Ukraine. Also in the work [9] a classification of the individual components of a hazardous part of the SHW was proposed. The authors think that it will prevent a negative impact of this type of the waste on the environment and transform a large part of it into the state of secondary material resources. One of the main documents regulating the management of SHW in the Odessa region is a project of "The program of solid household waste management in the Odessa region for 2018-2022" [10]. Its main purpose is to ensure an appropriate network of waste disposal facilities as well as bringing existing facilities into compliance, where appropriate, and closing the facilities that are not in compliance with the standards and pose a significant risk to human or environmental health.
The Regional Program of SHW Management in the Mykolayiv region for the period up to 2020 is in operation.
In the works [11,12] the problems of household waste utilization in the Kherson region including the countryside were investigated.
An analysis of the environmental impact of the production and consumption waste on the environment of the North-Western Black Sea regions is presented in the work [13].
The purpose of this work is to assess a level of a technogenic load on the GE by the indicators of forming and accumulating the production and consumption waste for the regions of the North-Western Black Sea.

Research methodology
To evaluate and analyze a level of a technogenic load on the geological environment, the principle of calculating a technogenic load module, which is defined as a sum of weight units of all types of wastes (solid, liquid, gaseous) of the industrial, agricultural and municipal objects for a time interval -1 year, applied to the area of the administrative district or region within which these objects are located and it is measured in thousand tons/km 2 per year [14]. The authors proposed to determine individually a technogenic load module on the GE (MGE) by the indicators of the waste generated and accumulated in the region. This approach was implemented in the estimation of a technogenic load on the air basin and water bodies of the regions of the North-Western Black Sea, for example in the works [15,16].

Research results
According to the Regional reports, Ecological passports of the region, as well as the materials of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine [17] we analyzed the information on the volumes of forming and accumulating the waste in the regions of the NWBS. Figure 1 shows the dynamics of the waste generation in the Odessa region. As it can be seen the maximum generation was recorded in 2012. However there is a general tendency to reduce the amount of the generated waste. Also almost 99% of the generated waste is class IV hazardous waste. Taking into account the data on the area of the region the calculation of the MGE indicator was performed (Fig. 3). The analysis shows that the value of the MGE by the amount of the accumulated waste significantly exceeds the corresponding value by the amount of the generated waste. Since 2011 there has been a significant increase in a technogenic load on the GE by a total amount of waste in the region.  Figure 4 shows the dynamics of the waste generation in the Mykolaiv region. It should be noted that in 2018, only a total amount of generated waste was available. Considering that in 2012-2017 the class IV waste generation was 96% on average, this figure was taken into account when calculating the estimated amount of this waste class in 2018. The figure shows that the amount of annually generated waste in the Mykolaiv region does not exceed 2500 thousand tons/year. Two highs were indicated in 2010-2011, when the amount of generated waste exceeded 3000 thousand tons/year. The class IV hazardous waste is prevalent in the generated waste in the region. Its total amount ranges from 90 to 99% in recent years.
The data on the accumulated waste in the Mykolaiv region have been available since 2010 (Fig. 5). It can be seen that the amount of the accumulated waste in the region is much higher than the corresponding generated waste. There is also a steady tendency to increase the accumulated waste in the region. Figure 6 shows the results of the calculation of the MGE indicator by the amount of the generated and accumulated waste in the Mykolayiv region. The figure shows that since 2011 there has been a steady tendency to increase a technogenic load on the GE by the amount of waste, primarily due to the increase of the accumulated waste.
Similar calculations were also made for the Kherson region. Figure 7 shows the dynamics of changes in the amount of the waste generation in the Kherson region. It should be noted that the actual data were not available in some years. Therefore they were interpolated taking into account the existing dependencies. Thus a total amount of generated in 2010 waste (taking into account the actual increase in the amount in 2007-2009) and the amount of class IV hazardous waste in 2018 were determined (according to calculations in 2015-2017, this amount averaged 89% of the total waste). Information on the amount of the accumulated waste in the region (Fig. 8) has only been available since 2011, and the data for 2018 have also been interpolated considering the accumulation tendencies in recent years. As it can be seen, in 2011-2013 there was a sharp increase in the amount of the accumulated waste in the territory of the Kherson region (4 times). Since 2014 this tendency has continued, and in recent years the increase of the accumulated waste is up to 70 thousand tonnes annually. Also the amount of the accumulated waste in recent years is 3 times higher than the indicators for its generation. This is significantly lower than in other regions of the North-Western Black Sea, where the corresponding figures were different in order.
The MGE indicator was calculated based on the available data for the Kherson region. The results of the calculation are shown in Fig. 9.
The analysis of the given figure shows that with the constant increase of the accumulated waste in the territory of the Kherson region a level of a technogenic load on the GE of the region increases annually.
Comparative analysis showed (Fig. 10) that the maximum amount of waste among the North-Western Black Sea regions is generated in the Mykolaiv region (in different years 60-75% of a total amount of waste). The volume of the waste generation exceeds the order of magnitude in the Odessa and Kherson regions. The vast majority of waste in the Mykolaiv region is generated at the enterprise "The Mykolayiv Alumina Plant" (in 2018, this figure was almost 1800 thousand tons) [6]. Accordingly a level of a technogenic load on the GE in the Mykolaiv region is the highest among the regions of the North-Western Black Sea. A similar situation is noted by the indicators of the accumulated waste. In this case the volumes of the accumulated waste in the Mikolaev region (80-90% as a whole in the North-Western Black Sea regions) are an order of magnitude higher than the corresponding indicators in the Odessa region and are two orders of magnitude in the Kherson region.

Conclusions
The work assesses a level of a technogenic load on the GE by the indicators of forming and accumulating the production and consumption waste for the North-Western Black Sea regions. It is proposed to determine a module of a technogenic load on the GE. The performed studies have shown that in all the regions during the study period there is an increase in both forming and accumulating the waste. It is determined that the greatest load among the North-Western Black Sea regions is in the Mykolaiv